4.1 Placing Citations In Your Paper

4.1a

Footnote or Endnote Style

- Chicago Manual of Style, put your reference number whenever possible at the

end of your sentence, outside the period and outside a close-quotation mark that follows the period.

- For clarity, however, you may occasionally need to put the reference number within your sentence (where it follows any punctuation except a dash, which it precedes) or to put one number within the sentence and another at the end.

- To reduce the number of notes, you may cite more than one source with a single reference number, but always make clear what source pertains to what part of your sentence, using the “for/see” formula or some other.

Special cases: - artwork or illustration, literary work, & online source

4.1b

In-Text Style for the Humanities

- give author's name in the sentence and the relevant page number in parentheses at the end of your sentence (always inside, too, except when quoting a block).

- Put the name in the parentheses with the page number when you aren't discussing or quoting a source.

- And where it’s necessary to make clear that one part of your sentence comes from a source but another part from you (or

another source), you may insert your reference mid-sentence.

Special Cases:

- several volumes, give the volume number and a colon before the page reference

- more than one work by the same source, put an abbreviated title of the source

- two or three authors, place them in your sentence

- more than three authors, use et al.

- no author, use abbreviated form of the title

- quoted by another scholar, cite the source as "qtd. in"

- passage in a poem, novel, or play: give chapter, ch., or line number, l. or ll. (for multiple lines)

- online source, use the section, paragraph, or line number when no p. numbers are given

- artwork or illustration, direct reader to piece, (see figure #), and beneath the item, give the artist's full name, name of the work, and its date. Medium dimensions, and location or owner (if paper focuses on such info.)

4.1c

In-Text Styles for Social Sciences and Sciences

In author-and-year citing, either put the surname of the author in parentheses with the year of publication, or name the author in your sentence. When using the latter, put the year of the publication immediately after you mention the authoer's name, or at the end of the sentnce, or at the end of the relevant clause--which ever is clearer.

* Note: The parenthetical citation always comes inside the puncuation that ends your sentence or clause. When using two or more sources, include both, in alphabetical order, separated by a semicolon. If the two sources are by the same author, arrange them in chronological order,

separated by a comma. In APA, if you quote or refer to a specific passage, give the page number in parentheses, with a p. for “page” or pp. for “pages”

Special Cases

- Two authors, cite both authors’ names each time you cite: (Johnson & Smith, 1988).

- Three to five authors, cite the first time using all the authors’ surnames: (Johnson, Killpack, Larsen, & Smoot, 1986), but in subsequent citations cite only the first surname followed by “et al.”: (Johnson et al., 1986).

- Six or more authors, the first author’s surname and et al. from the start.

- Mentioned in another scholar’s work

- If the author is an agency with a long name, name it once the first time in full, followed immediately by brackets containing the abbreviation that you will use in parentheses in all subsequent citations:

- If a source gives no author, use a one or two word abbreviation of the title in your citation.

- When using more than one source published by the same author in the same year, cite and document the first as (Stearns and Wyn, 1990a) and the second as (Stearns and Wyn, 1990b).

- When you use an illustration, chart, or table, identify the item by placing above it a figure or table number, a title, and any required explanation. Put your citation below the item, starting with the word “Source” or “From,” if you copy directly; “Redrawn from” if you redraw; and “Modified from” or “Adapted from” if you have made even minor changes. Then give name, publication data, and page. Include the source again in your reference list.

*Note: Unless it can be retrieved or accessed by others, don’t include in your reference list a personal interview you conducted, a letter or e-mail message you received, or a conversation you had; give the information in your text.

4.1d

Coding Style for the Sciences

If your instructor doesn’t require you to use the style of a particular publication and you wish to cite by coding. Assign each source a number based on the order of first mention in your paper, and place the reference numbers in parentheses (or, if you prefer, use raised numerals—like footnotes). If possible, place the numbers at the end of your sentences, but place them elsewhere if necessary for clarity. When you refer to several sources in the same citation, arrange them in descending order of relevance or importance to your point.

When you refer to a source with three or more authors, abbreviate it in your sentence to the first surname plus et al.

If you cite a personal communication (in a conversation, letter, or e-mail message) give the information in your paper, not in your list of references.